Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 There is not even one single manyangero mentioned on all the write up on any of the ekpe/mgbe stories. [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. Simple theme. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. "Egbo" redirects here. . by Web Services Editor. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth". Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. But, Ekpe in the course of the colonial period underwent a wide range of fundamental changes in their structure, roles, status . [5] The Sunjata Epic is usually understood to tell the story of: the rise and fall of the seven Nubian (Kushite) kings. [1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. Cameroon with the Ekpe cult. The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the . Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. Read More mask [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. the exhibition explores the long- Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. Posted on March 01, 2015 Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. [15] This theory appears to be isolated as other Ibibio writers do not narrate that such terms were used by the Ibibio. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). identity. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. In the culture we have discussed, the term jamu refers to: each person's family name, which connects the person to a famous character in the story of Sunjata. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". Ekpe means leopard, not lion. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. . Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. ,sister Watz. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. [44] Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. [74][75] [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Corrections? As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. They give me thesum of $1,200,000 and many thing. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. The Ekpe society may be regarded as one of the most important institutions among the Efik people. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty.
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