The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. [16], Most dictatorships are formed through military means or through a political party. In some circumstances, monarchies are also considered dictatorships if the monarchs hold a significant amount of political power. [101] Albania was established as a communist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha in 1944. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. Preference falsification, Internal politics, data scarcity, and restriction of media are just a few examples of the dangers of a personalistic authoritarian regime. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. The totalitarian dictatorship in the People's Republic of China , from 1949 to the present. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. [1], The dictator exercises broad power over the government and society, but other individuals are necessary to carry out the dictator's rule. [103], Military dictatorships remained prominent in Latin America during the Cold War, though the number of coups declined starting in the 1980s. When the war ended, these countries were incorporated into the Soviet sphere of influence, and the Soviet Union exercised control over their governments. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. [25], One-party dictatorships are governments in which a single political party dominates politics. This list answers the questions, "What countries are dictatorships?" Examples might include King Cyrus the Great of Persia, who is thought to have created the first declaration of human rights, the Biblical King Solomon, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yue. Infamous dictators of the world are often thought of as tyrants - leaders who rule with iron fists, cruelty, unflinching authority, and a lack of opposition. [8]:456. The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. One of its most notable examples was Holodomor, where Joseph Stalin blamed the shortages of grain on "enemies of the state" who hoarded it. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. Exceptions to the pattern of poverty in dictatorships include oil-rich Middle Eastern dictatorships and the East Asian Tigers during their periods of dictatorship. At the onset of the so-called "third wave" of democracy in 1978, the only democratic regimes were Costa Rica, Colombia and Venezuela. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. [1]:68 The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. Between 1950 and 2016, one-party dictatorships made up 57% of authoritarian regimes in the world,[26] and one-party dictatorships have continued to expand more quickly than other forms of dictatorship in the latter half of the 20th century. A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. He was also ranked 19th in Parade Magazine's Top 20 list of "The World's Worst Dictators". [147] The use of violence by a dictator is frequently most severe during the first few years of a dictatorship, because the regime has not yet solidified its rule and more detailed information for targeted coercion is not yet available. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. The phrase "fixed term" indicates the once the head of state is chosen, they serve a known and a limited number of years before another election is held, and they cannot be removed from the office in the meantime via a vote of no confidence. [14], Unless they have undertaken a self-coup, those seizing power typically have little governmental experience and do not have a detailed policy plan in advance. [79] Fascism developed in Europe as a rejection of liberalism, socialism, and modernism, and the first fascist political parties formed in the 1920s. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:19. Dictatorships that fail to repress the opposition are susceptible to collapse through a coup or a revolution. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. 5. The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. Is North Korea a dictatorship? Modern Dictatorships Between 1919 and 1939 there was a great reaction against democracy and dictatorship was established in many countries of the world. In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected. Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Some of the multi-party states with governing communist parties include Brazil, Nepal, India, and Russia. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. [130] One-party dictatorships are generally more stable and last longer than military or personalist dictatorships. (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. Chad. [124], The type of economy in a dictatorship can affect how it functions. [9], Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]. [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. The methodology is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regardless of geopolitical, geographic, ethnic or religious considerations. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. Dictatorships arise through violence or non-violent means, but they almost always result in the loss of liberties, corruption, and human rights abuses. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. [107] Dictatorships are often recipients of foreign aid on the condition that they make advances toward democratization. The dictator maintains control by influencing and appeasing the inner circle while repressing any opposition, which may include rival political parties, armed resistance, or disloyal members of the inner circle. This world dictators list has everyone from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong Un to many lesser-known rulers. 10. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. [according to whom? An autocracy, monarchy, and dictatorship. Latin America's new generation of dictators. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. Democracies can be either parliamentary, semi-presidential, or presidential and dictatorships can be civilian, military, or royal. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 12:26. Other countries with dictatorships and authoritarian rule, such as Cuba, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Belarus, could also be considered totalitarian governments. But this is not the first time Myanmar is having the bitter taste of autocracy, in fact, their governance turned . The Modern World's Dictatorship Countries African Dictators A Global View of Dictators Is China a dictatorship? Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). 2. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. Democracy is broadly understood to mean 'rule by the people'. "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. Venezuela has a presidential government. [27], One-party dictatorships are more stable than other forms of authoritarian rule, as they are less susceptible to insurgency and see higher economic growth. To enact policy, a dictator must either appease the regime's elites or attempt to replace them. [24], Military dictatorships often have traits in common due to the shared background of military dictators. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. [74] The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the Soviet Union. Terrible things have been done in the name of socialism and here are some of the most rigorous dictators. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. They are in civil war, but the dictator is. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. Countries that start with: [45] Although, when it comes to polling and elections a dictator could use his power to override private preferences. Also, dictatorships . Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. Many others developed following a period of warlordism. Laos (since 1975) A Roman dictator was a special magistrate that was temporarily appointed by the consul during times of crisis and granted total executive authority. Uganda - 1971 to 1979 - Idi Amin Dada. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Qatar - Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Bin Jabr Al-Thani Russia - Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Rwanda - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda Saudi Arabia - King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Somalia - Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia South Sudan - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President ", "The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship? Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. This is thanks to an oil boom that enriched his family at the expense of the Equatorial Guinea citizens. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. Mao established the People's Republic of China as a one-party communist state under his governing ideology of Maoism. Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship (s) In Africa Algeria (1965-1994) Burkina Faso (1966-1991) Burundi (1966-1993) Central African Republic (1966-1993) Chad (1975-1991) Congo-Brazzaville (1968-1992) Equatorial Guinea (1968-1982) Ethiopia (1974-1991) Gambia, The (1994-1997) Guinea (1984-1991) Ghana (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) Several dictatorships have persisted into the 21st century, particularly in Africa and Asia. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. There must be more than one party competing in the elections. [1] Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. [15] If the dictator has not seized power through a political party, then a party may be formed as a mechanism to reward supporters and to concentrate power in the hands of political allies instead of militant allies. [42] Within a personalist regime an issue called "The dictators dilemma" arises. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators [141] Should a dictatorship fail, elections also permit dictators and elites to accept defeat without fearing violent recourse. Korea experienced military dictatorships under the rule of Yeon Gaesomun in the 7th century[58] and under the rule of the Goryeo military regime in the 12th and 13th centuries. A dictator may address the opposition by repressing it through force, modifying laws to restrict its power, or appeasing it with limited benefits. Functioning of government: 3.57. The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. He arose to power in Italy in 1922, following the so-called 'March on Rome', in which his . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ( 1, 2, 3) 5 Paul Kagame, the 60-year-old President of Rwanda, has been in power since 1994 when his rebel army ended the genocide which had killed 800,000 people. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. 10. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. President Obiang gained power in 1979 after ousting his uncle, Francisco Macas Nguema, and sentencing him to death by firing squad. While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Soviet Union underwent de-Stalinization in the late-1950s. Equatorial Guinea. [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. Nazi and fascist regimes in Europe, Communist single-party states, military juntas in Latin America and . [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic and an oligarchy. Source by babeltravel. 1. For dictatorships, monarchic, military and civilian dictatorship. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. Modern dictatorships first developed in the 19th century, which included Bonapartism in Europe and caudillos in Latin America. Many personalist regimes will install open ballots to protect their regimes and implement heavy security measures and censorship for those whose personal preferences do not align with the values of the leader. [78], At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. [1]:70. [1]:68. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". The dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain , from 1939 to 1975. Kim Il-Sung The first leader of the North Korean dictatorship from 1948 until 1994, he established North Korea as a communist state. [4] A unified inner circle has the capacity to overthrow a dictator, and the dictator must make greater concessions to the inner circle to stay in power. [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. [108], Dictatorship in Europe largely ended after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the liberalization of most communist states. Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. He took control of the nation in 1973 after leading a coup that deposed elected leftist leader Salvador Allende. People who are for dictatorship say it provides for a more stable government, helps abolish corruption, and is more efficient in emergencies. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. Due to it, the countries went towards dictatorship. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. Here is a list of the ten worst dictators that Africans have ever seen in their history. [138] A study found that dictatorships that engage in oil drilling are more likely to remain in power, with 70.63% of the dictators who engage in oil drilling still being in power after 5 years of dictatorship, while only 59.92% of the non-oil producing dictators survive the first 5 years. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. Leaders of these dictatorships often place those loyal to them in positions of power (qualified or not), and foster cults of personality to sway public opinion to their side. The leaders of dictatorships are not outwardly identified as dictators when other people are addressing them. [107] The development of the internet and digital communication in the 21st century have prompted dictatorships to shift from traditional means of control to digital ones, including the use of artificial intelligence to analyze mass communications, internet censorship to restrict the flow of information, and troll farms to manipulate public opinion. In a dictatorial government, power rests with one supreme ruler. Synonyms for DICTATORSHIP: tyranny, autocracy, fascism, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, despotism, absolutism, autarchy; Antonyms of DICTATORSHIP: democracy . [44] As a result of authoritarian politics, a series of major issues may ensue. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. The head of state in most parliamentary democracies formally appoint the head of government. [116] Dictatorships in the Middle East are primarily guided by Islamic nationalism. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. [123] The form of government does not correlate with the amount of economic growth, and dictatorships on average grow at the same rate as democracies, though dictatorships have been found to have larger fluctuations. [3] Elites must also compete to wield more power than one another, but the amount of power held by elites also depends on their unity. If you're looking for the names of countries with dictatorship governments then you're in the right place.
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